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Electric · the achievements timeline
Electric was here first.
In 1899 the first car past 100 km/h was electric. Electrics briefly outsold gasoline. Then a century of eclipse — and a revival that now runs from a Detroit Electric to whatever China ships this quarter. This is the achievements timeline of the electric car, and — because our catalog runs the whole arc — the front door to the Global EV Registry.
24milestones1837–2023span5regions655EVs in the live registry
A curated first pass of documented public history (CoWork verifies and expands, the modern China wave especially). The moat is the battery state-of-health forensic axis — how an EV actually ages — which informs condition and risk, never the value directly. The full car-by-car EV registry populates as the propulsion tag is applied across the catalog.
24 milestones
The pioneers
––1905
1837
Early electric carriageMilestone
Among the first crude electric carriages.
1859
The rechargeable batteryTechnology
The lead-acid rechargeable cell that made EVs possible.
1884
First practical production electric carProduction first
Thomas Parker electrifies personal transport in Britain.
1888
Flocken ElektrowagenProduction first
Often cited as the first true electric automobile.
1899
La Jamais Contente — first car past 100 km/hRecord
The first automobile to exceed 100 km/h — and it was electric.
1900
Electrics briefly outsell gasoline in the USMilestone
At the turn of the century EVs were a leading US car type.
The first golden age
1906–1945
1907
Detroit ElectricProduction first
The genteel electric — Edison and Clara Ford drove them.
1909
Baker ElectricProduction first
Edison was a customer; the brass-era EV now collected.
1912
Peak of the early EV eraMilestone
Roughly a third of US automobiles were electric before the cheap-ICE eclipse.
The wilderness years
1946–1989
1966
GM Electrovair IITechnology
Corvair-based experimental EV using silver-zinc batteries.
1971
An electric vehicle drives on the MoonMilestone
The first crewed vehicle driven on the Moon was electric.
The modern revival
1990–2011
1990
GM Impact concept + California ZEV mandatePolicy
The concept and CARB's mandate spark the modern EV era.
1996
GM EV1Production first
The first purpose-built modern EV from a major automaker.
1997
Toyota PriusProduction first
The hybrid that mainstreamed electrified drive.
2008
Tesla RoadsterProduction first
First highway-legal lithium-ion production EV with 200+ mile range.
2010
Nissan LeafProduction first
The first mass-market modern EV.
Scale & the China wave
2012 → today
2012
Tesla Model SMilestone
Redefined the EV as a desirable performance car.
2013
BMW i3 — carbon-fiber EVTechnology
A purpose-built CFRP EV architecture.
2014
Tesla opens its patentsMilestone
"All our patents belong to you" — accelerated the field.
2019
Porsche Taycan — 800-volt EVProduction first
The sports-car maker goes electric on an 800V architecture.
2020
BYD Blade BatteryTechnology
An LFP blade cell — a safety and cost inflection.
2020
NIO battery-swap networkTechnology
Swappable packs — a different EV ownership model.
2021
Lucid Air — 500+ mile EPA rangeRecord
The longest-range production EV of its time.
2023
BYD leads global new-energy-vehicle salesMilestone
China becomes the center of gravity of the EV world.
The EV registry
655 electrified cars in the Parclines catalog — battery state-of-health assessed, identity and provenance only. The value of record lives on each car's own page.
Electric (BEV) · 323
Zeekr 001 (RWD/AWD, 100kWh, WE/YOU/ME)001 (RWD/AWD, 100kWh, WE/YOU/ME) · 2021–2025Zeekr 001 FR (quad-motor performance)001 FR (quad-motor performance) · 2024–2025Zeekr 007 (800V sport sedan)007 (800V sport sedan) · 2024–2025Zeekr 009 (luxury EV MPV, 140kWh option)009 (luxury EV MPV, 140kWh option) · 2022–2025Ferrari 308308 GTBi / GTSi (Bosch K-Jetronic injection, 1980-82) · 1980–1982BMW 5-Series (non-M)530i / 540i / i5 (G60/G61 current) · 2024Zeekr 7X (mid-size SUV, 800V)7X (mid-size SUV, 800V) · 2024–2025Audi A6 e-tronA6 e-tron Sportback · 2025Audi A6 e-tronA6 e-tron Sportback · 2025Lucid Air Dream Edition Performance (1111 hp, launch)Air Dream Edition Performance (1111 hp, launch) · 2022Lucid Air Dream Edition Range (520-mi, launch)Air Dream Edition Range (520-mi, launch) · 2022Lucid Air Grand TouringAir Grand Touring · 2022–2026Lucid Air Pure (RWD/AWD)Air Pure (RWD/AWD) · 2023–2026Lucid Air Sapphire (1234 hp)Air Sapphire (1234 hp) · 2024–2026Lucid Air TouringAir Touring · 2023–2026Aptera Aptera (3-wheel solar EV)Aptera (3-wheel solar EV) · 2026Nissan AriyaAriya (BEV crossover, e-4ORCE) · 2022Audi Audie-tron GT · 2021–2026Audi AudiRS e-tron GT · 2021–2026Baker Electric Baker R&L / B-series (post Rauch & Lang merger)Baker R&L / B-series (post Rauch & Lang merger) · 1915–1920Cupra Born (K1, EV)Compact EV hatch (MEB, VW ID.3 twin) — Base / VZ 240 kW · 2021Broc Electric Brougham / CoupeBrougham / Coupe · 1909–1916Argo Electric Brougham / CoupeBrougham / Coupe · 1912–1916Detroit Electric BroughamBrougham — Brougham (Anderson/Detroit Electric) · 1907–1930Rimac C_TwoPrototype · 2018Sebring-Vanguard CitiCar SV-36 (36V)CitiCar SV-36 (36V) · 1974–1976Sebring-Vanguard CitiCar SV-48 (48V)CitiCar SV-48 (48V) · 1975–1977Think City (Ford era, Th!nk City)City (Ford era, Th!nk City) · 1999–2002Kewet City-ElCity-El · 1987–2013CityEL CityELCityEL · 1987–2013Commuter Vehicles Comuta-Car (Citicar successor)Comuta-Car (Citicar successor) · 1979–1982Commuter Vehicles Comuta-VanComuta-Van · 1980–1982Rimac Concept OneBase (8 built, 7 survive) · 2013–2017Rimac Concept_SBase (2, track) · 2016Tesla Cybertruck AWD (Dual Motor)Cybertruck AWD (Dual Motor) · 2024–2026Tesla Cybertruck Cyberbeast (Tri-Motor)Cybertruck Cyberbeast (Tri-Motor) · 2024–2026Tesla Cybertruck Foundation Series (AWD/Cyberbeast)Cybertruck Foundation Series (AWD/Cyberbeast) · 2024–2025Tesla Cybertruck RWD (Long Range)Cybertruck RWD (Long Range) · 2025–2026De Dion-Bouton De Dion-BoutonVarious (Model G / Model S / Type BG / Type DI) · 1883–1932Land Rover Defender SVX Spectre (Bond)SVX Spectre stunt/promo (10 built) · 2015Duesenberg Duesenberg Model X transition ~13 built 4 surviveDuesenberg Model X transition ~13 built 4 survive · 1927Audi e-tron GTe-tron GT (J1) · 2021Audi e-tron GTe-tron GT (J1) · 2021Audi e-tron GTRS e-tron GT (J1) · 2021Audi e-tron GTRS e-tron GT (J1) · 2021Audi e-tron/Q8 e-trone-tron / Q8 e-tron (EV SUV) · 2019–2026NIO EC6 (coupe-SUV dual-motor)EC6 (coupe-SUV dual-motor) · 2020–2025NIO EC7 (flagship coupe-SUV)EC7 (flagship coupe-SUV) · 2023–2025eClassics / VWCV eClassics / VWCVe-BULLI (T1 Samba EV) · 2020Rivian EDV 500 / 700 (Amazon commercial van)EDV 500 / 700 (Amazon commercial van) · 2022–2026Elcar Elcar (US-market Zagato Zele)Elcar (US-market Zagato Zele) · 1974–1976Land Rover Electric Classic Cars (ECC)Defender 90/110 conversion (Tesla Model S)Land Rover Electric Classic Cars (ECC)Range Rover Classic conversion (Tesla Model S)Studebaker Electric Runabout / VictoriaElectric Runabout / Victoria · 1902–1912Kewet EllertEllert · 1987–1990Lordstown Endurance (electric pickup)Endurance (electric pickup) · 2022–2023NIO EP9 (limited EV hypercar)EP9 (limited EV hypercar) · 2016–2017Mercedes-Benz EQ (electric)EQA / EQB (compact EV) · 2021Mercedes-Benz EQ (electric)EQC / EQV (first-gen EV) · 2019Mercedes-Benz EQ (electric)EQE Sedan (V295) · 2022
+263 more
Hybrid · 163
Czinger 21C (80, hybrid)21C (80, hybrid) · 2023–2026Porsche 911992.2 Carrera 4 GTS (T-Hybrid) · 2024Porsche 911992.2 Carrera GTS (T-Hybrid) · 2024Porsche 911992.2 Carrera GTS Cabriolet (T-Hybrid) · 2024Porsche 911992.2 Targa 4 GTS (T-Hybrid) · 2025Porsche 919919 Hybrid (LMP1) · 2014–2017Mercedes-Benz AMG OneAMG One (F1 hybrid hypercar, 275 built) · 2022–2026Mercedes-Benz AMG sedanC63 S E Performance (W206, hybrid four) — Sedan · 2023Mercedes-Benz AMG sedanC63 S E Performance (W206, hybrid four) — Station Wagon · 2023Audi AudaciousHybrid Ur-Quattro + B7 RS4 Restomod · 2020Saturn Aura Green Line hybrid 2.4 mild hybridAura Green Line hybrid 2.4 mild hybrid · 2007–2009Bentley BentaygaBentayga Hybrid · 2020–2024Bentley BentleyFlying Spur / Speed / Mulliner / S / Hybrid · 2005Bentley BentleyGT / GTC / GT Speed / Mulliner / GT S (hybrid) · 2003Mitsuoka BuddyHybrid 2.5 RAV4 Hybrid · 2020–2026Jaguar C-X75Hybrid Prototype · 2013Kia Carnival3.5 V6 Hybrid MPV · 2022–2024Porsche CayenneCayenne S Hybrid · 2011–2014US Domestic ChryslerPacifica / Pacifica Hybrid / Voyager · 2017Nissan CimaCima (VG30DET / VK45 / VQ35 hybrid) · 1988–2022Nissan CimaVQ35 Hybrid (Y51) · 2012–2022Honda Civic HybridCivic Hybrid (IMA) · 2003–2015Mercedes-Benz CLACLA EV (800V) + EQ-hybrid — Sedan · 2025Mercedes-Benz CLACLA EV (800V) + EQ-hybrid — Station Wagon · 2025Lamborghini ConceptAsterion LPI 910-4Bentley Continental GT (4th gen)Hybrid coupe/GTC · 2025Chevrolet CorvetteC8 ZR1X TT hybrid AWD · 2026Chevrolet CorvetteCorvette C8 E-Ray LT2 hybrid AWD — Convertible · 2024Chevrolet CorvetteCorvette C8 E-Ray LT2 hybrid AWD — Convertible · 2025Chevrolet CorvetteCorvette C8 E-Ray LT2 hybrid AWD — Convertible · 2026Chevrolet CorvetteCorvette C8 E-Ray LT2 hybrid AWD — Coupe · 2024Chevrolet CorvetteCorvette C8 E-Ray LT2 hybrid AWD — Coupe · 2025Chevrolet CorvetteCorvette C8 E-Ray LT2 hybrid AWD — Coupe · 2026Honda CR-VCR-V Hybrid · 2020–2026Honda CR-ZCR-Z (hybrid sport coupe) · 2010–2016Subaru Crosstrek/XVXV Crosstrek Hybrid (mild) · 2014–2016Toyota (Lexus) CT 200hCT200h (hybrid hatch) = Prius/Auris-platform · 2011–2022Mazda CX-50 Hybrid2.5 Toyota hybrid · 2024–2026Hypercars DelageD12 GT (1,100hp hybrid, 30) · 2022Hypercars DelageD12 GT (V12 7.6 + hybrid ~1100hp, 30) · 2022Woods Motor Vehicle Dual Power Model 44 Coupe (gas-electric hybrid)Dual Power Model 44 Coupe (gas-electric hybrid) · 1916–1918Woods Motor Vehicle Dual Power Type 44 Roadster (hybrid)Dual Power Type 44 Roadster (hybrid) · 1917–1918Mercedes-Benz E-ClassE-Class (sedan — Sedan · 2023Mercedes-Benz E-ClassE-Class (sedan — Station Wagon · 2023Toyota (Lexus) ES 350/300hES350 / ES300h hybrid · 2012–2018Toyota (Lexus) ESES (hybrid/BEV-era redesign) · 2025Cadillac Escalade Hybrid6.0L V8 two-mode hybrid · 2009–2013Toyota EstimaHybrid · 2001–2019Bentley Flying Spur (3rd gen)Hybrid/V8/W12 Speed · 2020Bentley Flying SpurFlying Spur Hybrid · 2022–2024Subaru ForesterForester (6th gen gas/hybrid) · 2025–2026Nissan FugaFuga 250 — Hardtop · 2009–2022Nissan FugaFuga 250 — Sedan · 2009–2022Mercedes-Benz GLC (non-AMG)GLC300 (M254 mild-hybrid) + Coupe · 2022Suzuki Grand VitaraIndia global 3rd (Toyota hybrid) · 2022–2024Toyota (Lexus) GS 300/350/430/450h/460GS300/350/430/450h/460 (2GR/3UZ/1UR + hybrid) · 2005–2011Toyota (Lexus) GS 350/450h/200t/300GS350/450h/200t/300 (2GR / 8AR turbo / hybrid) · 2012–2020Toyota (Lexus) HS 250hHS250h (compact hybrid) = Toyota Sai twin · 2009–2017Nissan Infiniti Q50Hybrid (VQ35 + electric) · 2014–2018Nissan Infiniti QX60QX60 Hybrid · 2014–2017
+103 more
Plug-in hybrid · 160
Ferrari 296296 GTB — Convertible · 2022Ferrari 296296 GTB — Coupe · 2022BMW 3-Series (non-M)330e (PHEV) [F30/F31/F34] · 2016–2019BMW 3-Series (non-M)330e (PHEV) [G20/G21/G28] · 2019BMW 3-Series (non-M)ActiveHybrid 3 (F30) · 2012–2015BMW 5-Series (non-M)520d (G30 diesel) + 530e PHEV · 2017–2023BMW 5-Series (non-M)530d (G30 diesel) + 530e PHEV · 2017–2023BMW 5-Series (non-M)540d (G30 diesel) + 530e PHEV · 2017–2023Peugeot 508PSE (Peugeot Sport Engineered PHEV) · 2021–2025BMW 7-Series (non-Alpina)745e (G11/G12 PHEV) · 2019–2022BMW 7-Series (non-Alpina)ActiveHybrid 7 (F01/F04) · 2010–2015Porsche 911 Turbo S Edition 918 Spyder997 Turbo S Edition 918 Spyder — Convertible · 2011–2012Porsche 911 Turbo S Edition 918 Spyder997 Turbo S Edition 918 Spyder — Coupe · 2011–2012Porsche 918918 Spyder — Weissach Package · 2013–2015Porsche 918918 Spyder (standard) · 2013–2015Porsche 918918 Spyder / 918 Weissach · 2013–2015Porsche 997 Turbo S Edition 918 Spyder997.2 Turbo S Edition 918 Spyder · 2011Chrysler Airstream EightAirstream Eight 273 cid I8 — Coupe · 1935Chrysler Airstream EightAirstream Eight 273 cid I8 — Sedan · 1935Alfa Romeo Alfa RomeoTonale / Tonale PHEV · 2022Lincoln Aviator3.0 TT V6 Hybrid (494hp) Grand Touring PHEV · 2020–2023Wey Blue Mountain (Lanshan) PHEVBlue Mountain (Lanshan) PHEV · 2023–2025BYD BYDSeal / Han / Tang / Song / Qin / Dolphin / Atto 3 / Seagull Complete BYD EV/PHEV lineup · 2003Porsche CayenneCayenne E-Hybrid · 2021–2023Porsche CayenneCayenne E-Hybrid · 2024Porsche CayenneCayenne E-Hybrid Coupé · 2021–2023Porsche CayenneCayenne S E-Hybrid · 2015–2018Porsche CayenneCayenne S E-Hybrid · 2024Porsche CayenneCayenne Turbo E-Hybrid · 2024Porsche CayenneCayenne Turbo S E-Hybrid · 2020–2023Porsche CayenneCayenne Turbo S E-Hybrid Coupé · 2020–2023Toyota Century (VJA300)ZX (V35A TT V6) · 2023–2026Honda ClarityClarity (PHEV / FCX / FC / BEV) · 2002–2021Honda ClarityClarity Plug-in Hybrid · 2018–2021Lincoln Corsair2.5 PHEV (266hp) Grand Touring · 2021–2024Lincoln Corsair Reserve/Grand TouringCorsair Reserve/Grand Touring 2.0T / 2.3T / PHEV — 4-dr crossover · 2020–2024Lincoln Corsair Reserve/Grand TouringCorsair Reserve/Grand Touring 2.0T / PHEV — 4-dr crossover · 2025Subaru CrosstrekCrosstrek PHEV (plug-in) · 2019–2023Mazda CX-703.3T I6 MHEV/PHEV · 2025–2026Mazda CX-90 PHEV2.5 PHEV I4 · 2024–2026Ferrari CZ26CZ26 (one-off, Special Projects, SF90-based PHEV) · 2026Denza D9 DM-i PHEV (MPV)D9 DM-i PHEV (MPV) · 2022–2025Dodge Dodge DC EightDodge DC Eight 220 cu in L-head I8 — Convertible/Roadster · 1930–1931Dodge Dodge DC EightDodge DC Eight 220 cu in L-head I8 — Convertible/Roadster — Convertible · 1930–1931Dodge Dodge DC EightDodge DC Eight 220 cu in L-head I8 — Convertible/Roadster — Roadster · 1930–1931Dodge Dodge DC EightDodge DC Eight 220 cu in L-head I8 — Coupe · 1930–1931Dodge Dodge DC EightDodge DC Eight 220 cu in L-head I8 — Sedan · 1930–1931Mitsubishi Eclipse CrossPHEV · 2021–2024Cadillac ELR1.4L + electric (Volt-based) · 2014–2016BYD Fang Cheng Bao Bao 5 (DMO PHEV off-road)Fang Cheng Bao Bao 5 (DMO PHEV off-road) · 2023–2025Fisker Fisker Automotive Karma (original, ~2,000 built)Fisker Automotive Karma (original, ~2,000 built) · 2012Fisker FiskerFisker Karma (2012) / Karma Revero (2017-21) / Fisker Ocean (2023-24) · 2012–2024Cupra Formentor VZ / VZ5 / VZ5 BAT-ABTCrossover coupé — 1.4 e-Hybrid / 2.0 TSI 245-333 / 2.5 TSI 390 VZ5 · 2020Chery Fulwin A8 / T (PHEV/EV line)Chery Fulwin A8 (PHEV) · 2023–2025Chery Fulwin A8 / T (PHEV/EV line)Fulwin A8 / T (PHEV/EV line) · 2024–2025Geely Galaxy L6 (PHEV sedan)Galaxy L6 (PHEV sedan) · 2023–2025Geely Galaxy L7 (PHEV SUV)Galaxy L7 (PHEV SUV) · 2023–2025Geely GalaxyL7 E8 EV-PHEV · 2023–2026Geely GalaxyL7 E8 EV-PHEV · 2023–2026Jeep Grand Cherokee4xe PHEV · 2022–2024
+100 more
Hydrogen fuel-cell · 9
Honda ClarityClarity Fuel Cell · 2017–2021Honda ClarityFCX Clarity (fuel cell) · 2008–2014Honda CR-VCR-V e:FCEV (plug-in H2) · 2024–2026Honda FCXFuel cell (original) · 2002–2007BMW Hydrogen 7 (oddity)Hydrogen 7 (H2-combustion V12, ~100 lease-only) · 2005–2007Hyundai N Vision 74Hydrogen-hybrid halo concept · 2022Mazda RX-8Hydrogen RE (dual-fuel rotary, lease-only) · 2004–2011Toyota Toyota MiraiMirai JPD10 (FCEV sedan) · 2014–2020Toyota Toyota MiraiMirai JPD20 (FCEV, RWD) · 2021